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France

A decade of Macron’s foreign policy

In May 2017, Emmanuel Macron entered the ÉlysĂ©e Palace as, by some distance, the most explicitly doctrinaire French president in a long time. His ambition was not purely to govern France but to reposition it as a puissance d'Ă©quilibre, the…

France, European security architect by default?

In late 2025, France’s Army Chief of Staff, General Fabien Mandon, informed parliament of what few European governments were willing to say publicly: France should prepare for a major war with Russia within three to four years. The planning…